Cytopathology helps in the investigation of certain irresistible ailments, determination of tumours and other provocative conditions. It is the subdivision of Pathology that analyzes illness on cell level. Histopathology concentrates on the basic variations that happen in cells, tissues and organs when presented to harmful foreign bodies. Histopathology is the research the utilization of different histopathological methods of cell variations from the norm and sickness forms in human tissues.

Surgical Pathology includes examination of a tissue specimen which is obtained by biopsy and surgical resections to render the diagnostic results. Tissue specimens can be obtained from different body parts which will be analysed by a surgeon or a non-surgeon. Whereas Molecularpathology is focused in the study and diagnosis of disease through the examination of molecules within organs, tissues or bodily fluids.

Cancer Pathology deals with the study of unusual, developing and multiplying portion of the body that are termed to be neoplasms or tumours which is also known as Oncopathology. Basically, it is the branch of science dealing with Cancer. It includes study of malignant and non-malignant tumours, metastasis and carcinogenesis etc

Neuromuscular Pathology is a subspecialty area of neurology defined by special competence in the interpretation of muscle and nerve pathology. It differs from neuropathology because it is highly integrated with the clinical management of neuromuscular disease. ClinicalNeuromuscularPathology incorporates the evaluation of muscle and nerve biopsies in the context of clinical patient care.

Ophthalmologic Pathology deals with eye physiology, eye diseases and treatment modalities. It includes diagnosis and operates on eyes, by clinical techniques a multitude of diseases and conditions can be diagnosed from the eye. Ophthalmologic Pathology is mainly involved in studies and clinical findings of various eye disorders as well as procedures involved in the care of ophthalmic patients. It also consists of studies related to ophthalmic surgical studies, translational research and ocular therapeutics etc.

Dermatopathology is a joint subspecialty of dermatology and pathology and also to a lesser extent of surgical pathology that focuses on the study of cutaneous diseases at a microscopic and molecular level. A dermatopathologist is a medical doctor who specializes in dermatology and pathology.Dermatopathology is a branch of medicine that studies causes and effects of diseases of skin.

Haematology deals with illnesses identified with the blood. It includes diagnosing and further administration of ailments that influence the creation of blood and its segments, for example, platelets, hemoglobin, blood proteins, bone marrow, platelets, veins, spleen, and the system of coagulation.  Major blood disorders are thalassemia, hemophilia, general blood clusters, draining clutters, blood growths and so forth.

Dental Pathology deals with the study, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of diseases, disorders, and conditions of the oral cavity, the oral mucosa, related structures and tissues, particularly in the maxillofacial (jaw and facial) area. Dental Pathology is not limited to teeth but includes other aspects of the craniofacialcomplex including the temporomandibular joint and other supporting, muscular, lymphatic, nervous, vascular, and anatomical structures.

Soft tissue pathology deals with the diagnosis and characterization of neoplastic and non-neoplastic diseases of the soft tissues, such as muscle, adipose tissue, tendons, fascia, and connective tissues. Many disorders of the soft tissues are challenging for the pathologist to diagnose through gross examination and microscopy alone, and additional tools such as immunohistochemistry, electron microscopy, and molecular pathology techniques are sometimes employed to obtain a definitive diagnosis.

Orthopaedic Pathology deals with the study of bone and soft tissue of the musculoskeletal system and disorders like tumours. It is a medical speciality concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of benign and malignant tumours of bone and soft tissues. These tumours include Ewing sarcoma, osteosarcoma, and other malignancies that involve the musculoskeletal system.

Pulmonary pathology deals with the diagnosis and characterization of neoplastic and non-neoplastic diseases of the lungs and thoracic pleura whereas Thoracic pathology deals with conditions that affect the lungs. Smoking, allergies, asthma, and infections like pneumonia or tuberculosis can cause breathing problems. Lung cancer and noncancerous tumors of the lungs are also diagnoses to be considered.

Endocrine pathology deals with either the overproduction or the underproduction of a hormone. Overproduction of a given hormone occurs due to hyperplasia of the organ that produces the hormone, by a neoplastic process, or by some combination of the two processes whereas Underproduction of a given hormone, may be caused by either destruction of the gland that produces the hormone or by conditions that deprive an endocrine organ of its normal trophic influence.

Cardiovascular Pathology deals with the conditions that affect the heart. Diseases of heart disease include blood vessel diseases, congenital heart defects, among others. Heart disease term is often used interchangeably with the cardiovascular disease. It generally refers to conditions that involve narrowed or blocked blood vessels that can lead to a heart failure, chest pain or stroke. Many forms of heart disease can be prevented or treated with healthy lifestyle choices.

Nephropathology deals with the diagnosis, management and prognostication of medical renal diseases. It is important for the nephropathologiststo have a close liaison with the nephrologists, immunologists, molecular biologists, and more recently geneticists in order to facilitate accurate diagnosis of the renal diseases.

Gastrointestinal pathology deals with the study of body samples for any disorders in stomach and intestine which forms the major part of the digestive system and is the key responsive factor for our wellbeing. Major Gastrointestinal disorders include conditions such as constipation, irritable bowel syndrome, haemorrhoids, anal fissures and fistula, perianal abscesses, perianal infections, diverticular diseases, colitis, colon polyps and cancer.

Neuropathology works with characterizing the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases and disorders. Scientists are working with various treatment methods to overcome the conventional methods which decrease patient’s ability to do their normal routine. Discovery of Staufen1, as a cause of several neurodegenerative diseases and the Autobiographical memory tests, paves way for advanced treatment.

Genitourinary Pathology includes a range of disorders from those that are asymptomatic to those that manifest an array of signs and symptoms. The major causes for these disorders include congenital anomalies, infectious diseases, trauma, or conditions that secondarily involve the urinary structure.

Hepatobiliary and pancreatic disorders are some of the commonest disorders of the digestive system. Hepatobiliary Pathology includes a heterogeneous group of diseases of the liver and biliary system caused by viral, bacterial, and parasitic infections, neoplasia, toxic chemicals, alcohol consumption, poor nutrition, metabolic disorders, and cardiac failure.

Head and Neck Pathology deals with disorders and conditions of the ear, nose and throat region, mucosal and Mesenchymal lesions of the upper aero digestive tract and lesions of the thyroid gland, parathyroid gland, eye and orbit.Patients seek treatment from otorhinolaryngologists after the report from pathologists for diseases of the ear, nose, throat, or base of the skull, and for the surgical management of cancers and benign tumors of the head and neck.

Breast cancers can be divided into two main overarching groups: the carcinomas and the sarcomas. Carcinomas are cancers that arise from the epithelial component of the breast. The epithelial component consists of the cells that line the lobules and terminal ducts; under normal conditions, these epithelial cells are responsible for making milk. Carcinomas comprise the vast majority of all breast cancers, and will be further discussed below.

Gynecologic pathology is the medical pathology dealing with the study and diagnosis of disease involving the female genital tract. A physician who practices gynecologic pathology is a gynecologic pathologist whereas placental disorders are called placenta previa, placenta accreta, placenta increta or placenta percreta. Placental disorders are usually diagnosed by ultrasound in the second trimester which cause serious bleeding and other complications later in pregnancy.

Pediatric pathology deals with the diagnosis and characterization of neoplastic and non-neoplastic diseases of children. Paediatric Pathology operation is the clinical practice which includes the surgery of foetuses, infants, youngsters, teenagers and teenagers. This field is extremely challenging due to its exhaustive breadth of developmental, neoplastic, infectious, and genetic illnesses.

The future of Pathology is going digital. Digital Pathology is a revolution in the arena of Pathology as it creates an image-based database by capturing and analysing glass slide.  It enables managing the information by computer technology and hence it is also known as virtual microscopy. Over 33 companies across the world are providing hardware and software services related to digital pathology.

Detailed reports on assessing and diagnosing the disease condition of a plant or animal or human and to know the signs and symptoms along with diagnosis and treatment is a case report. Pathology case reports usually show unknown occurrence of a particular disease and it is essential to know the cause and cure of the same.